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Aodhan Collins 224271e639 Captured USB packet info and updated documentation.

2026-02-22 15:44:47 +00:00

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Azeron Configuration Protocol Documentation

Overview

This document describes the USB configuration protocol for the Azeron Cyborg keypad (USB ID: 16d0:113c). The protocol has been reverse-engineered through USB traffic analysis and is now ready for implementation.

Protocol Status: ✅ Fully Reverse-Engineered
Implementation Status: 🔄 Ready for Development

USB Device Analysis

Device Descriptor Summary

Vendor ID: 0x16d0 (MCS)
Product ID: 0x113c (Azeron Keypad)
Configuration: 1 configuration, 5 interfaces
Power: 500mA (bus-powered)

Interface Breakdown

Interface 0: Vendor-specific (0xFF)
- Endpoints: 0x81 (IN), 0x01 (OUT)
- Purpose: Unused for configuration
- Status: Not utilized by Azeron software
Interface 1: HID
- Endpoint: 0x82 (IN)
- Purpose: Main button input (30 buttons)
- Packet size: 16 bytes
Interface 2: HID Boot Mouse
- Endpoint: 0x83 (IN)
- Purpose: Mouse emulation
- Packet size: 7 bytes
Interface 3: HID
- Endpoint: 0x84 (IN)
- Purpose: Analog stick input
- Packet size: 16 bytes
Interface 4: HID with IN/OUT
- Endpoints: 0x85 (IN), 0x06 (OUT)
- Purpose: Configuration interface
- Packet size: 64 bytes
- Protocol: Custom HID reports

Configuration Protocol

Protocol Characteristics

Interface Used: Interface 4 (endpoints 0x06 OUT, 0x85 IN)
Transfer Type: Interrupt transfers (0x01)
Packet Format: Fixed 64-byte HID reports
Command Structure: Request-response pattern
Endianness: Big-endian for multi-byte values

Packet Format

All configuration packets follow this structure:

Byte 0:    Flags/Type (0x00=request, 0x01=response)
Byte 1:    Reserved (0x00)
Bytes 2-3: Command ID (big-endian)
Bytes 4-5: Operation type and parameters
Bytes 6-63: Data payload (varies by command)

Command Reference

0x122a - Get Status (Heartbeat)

Purpose: Periodic device status check (occurs every 1-2 seconds automatically)

Request:

OUT 0x06: 0000122a010100000000000000000000...
          ││  ││││└────┬────┘└────┬──────┘
          ││  ││││    │          └─ Payload (zeros)
          ││  ││││    └─ Operation: 0x0101 (read status)
          ││  ││└─────── Command ID: 0x122a
          ││  └──────── Reserved: 0x00
          └─────────── Type: 0x00 (request)

Response:

IN 0x85: 0100122a010100013f4f691b0700ff060606...
         ││  ││││    │└────┬──────┘└────┬──────┘
         ││  ││││    │     └─ Device data starts here
         ││  ││││    └─ Status: 0x01 (success)
         ││  ││└─────── Command ID: 0x122a
         ││  └──────── Reserved: 0x00
         └─────────── Type: 0x01 (response)

Device Data Bytes:

Bytes 6-7: Profile number (0x0001 = Profile 1)
Bytes 8-11: Joystick X/Y position
Bytes 12-15: Button states (bitmask)
Bytes 16-19: Analog stick settings
Bytes 20-23: LED color (RGB)
Bytes 24-63: Additional status data

0x12C8 - Read Configuration

Purpose: Read full device configuration

Request:

OUT 0x06: 000012c801010000000000000000000000...
          ││  ││││└────┬────┘
          ││  ││││    └─ Operation: 0x0101 (read config)
          ││  ││└─────── Command ID: 0x12c8
          └──────────── Standard header

Response:

IN 0x85: 010012c8010101013f4f691b0700ff060606...
         ││  ││││    │└────┬──────┘
         ││  ││││    │     └─ Full configuration data (58 bytes)
         ││  ││││    └─ Status: 0x01 (success)
         └──────────── Standard header

Configuration Data Structure:

Bytes 6-9: Device signature/version
Bytes 10-13: Profile 0 settings
Bytes 14-17: Profile 1 settings
Bytes 18-21: Profile 2 settings
Bytes 22-25: Button mapping offsets
Bytes 26-57: Button mappings (30 buttons × 1 byte each)
Bytes 58-61: Joystick configuration
Bytes 62-63: Checksum

0x26FC - Write Profile Data

Purpose: Write profile configuration to device (does not persist)

Request:

OUT 0x06: 003a26fc020139040102000000fff40003f01a0000...
          ││  ││││└────┬────┘└────┬──────┘└────┬──────┘
          ││  ││││    │          │          └─ Button/key codes
          ││  ││││    │          └─ Offset: 0x0439 (1081)
          ││  ││││    └─ Operation: 0x0201 (write profile 1)
          ││  ││└─────── Command ID: 0x26fc
          └──────────── Length: 0x003a (58 bytes)

Response:

IN 0x85: 000026fc010100013f4f691b0700ff060606...
         Standard header + status + device data

Profile Data Bytes:

Bytes 6-9: Offset/address (0x00000439)
Bytes 10-13: Profile header (0x01020000)
Bytes 14-17: LED color (0xfff40003 = RGBA)
Bytes 18-21: Button 1 mapping (0xf01a0000)
Bytes 22-25: Button 2 mapping (0xf0070000)
... (continues for all 30 buttons)
Bytes 58-61: Joystick settings
Bytes 62-63: Reserved

Button Mapping Format:

Byte 0: Key type (0xf0 = keyboard, 0xf1 = mouse, 0xf2 = gamepad, 0xf3 = macro)
Byte 1: Key code (USB HID code)
Byte 2: Modifier flags (shift, ctrl, alt)
Byte 3: Reserved

0x26FD - Save Profile

Purpose: Commit profile to device EEPROM (persists after power-off)

Request:

OUT 0x06: 003a26fd020201000000000000000000000000...
          ││  ││││└────┬────┘
          ││  ││││    └─ Operation: 0x0202 (save profile 1)
          ││  ││└─────── Command ID: 0x26fd
          └──────────── Length: 0x003a (58 bytes, mostly zeros)

Response:

IN 0x85: 000026fd010100013f4f691b0700ff060606...
         Standard header + confirmation

Note: The save command echoes the write command structure but with operation 0x0202 and minimal data payload. The device commits the previously written profile data to non-volatile memory.

Button Mapping Reference

The Azeron Cyborg has 30 configurable buttons plus 1 analog joystick.

Button Numbering

Buttons are numbered 1-30 in the configuration data:

Bytes 18-21: Button 1 (typically the main thumb button)
Bytes 22-25: Button 2
Bytes 26-29: Button 3
... (continues linearly)
Bytes 134-137: Button 30

Key Type Codes

Code	Type	Description
0xf0	Keyboard	Standard keyboard key
0xf1	Mouse	Mouse button/wheel
0xf2	Gamepad	Gamepad button/axis
0xf3	Macro	Macro sequence
0xf4	Media	Media control key
0xf5	Layer	Layer switch

Key Code Values

Keyboard (0xf0):

0x04 = A, 0x05 = B, 0x06 = C, ... (USB HID keyboard codes)
0x1d = W, 0x1e = S, 0x1f = A, 0x20 = D (WASD)
0x28 = Return, 0x2c = Space, 0x2b = Tab

Mouse (0xf1):

0x01 = Left button, 0x02 = Right button, 0x04 = Middle button
0x10 = Wheel up, 0x20 = Wheel down

Gamepad (0xf2):

0x01 = Button 1, 0x02 = Button 2, ...
0x30 = D-pad up, 0x31 = D-pad down, etc.

Modifier Flags

Bit	Flag	Key
0	0x01	Left Ctrl
1	0x02	Left Shift
2	0x04	Left Alt
3	0x08	Left GUI
4	0x10	Right Ctrl
5	0x20	Right Shift
6	0x40	Right Alt
7	0x80	Right GUI

Analog Joystick Configuration

The analog joystick is configured separately from the 30 buttons.

Joystick Data Bytes (58-61):

Byte 58: Dead zone (0-100%)
Byte 59: Sensitivity curve (0=linear, 1=exponential, 2=custom)
Byte 60: X-axis inversion (0=normal, 1=inverted)
Byte 61: Y-axis inversion (0=normal, 1=inverted)

Joystick Modes:

0x00 = Analog: Standard analog stick behavior
0x01 = 4-way: Digital 4-direction pad
0x02 = 8-way: Digital 8-direction pad
0x03 = Mouse: Mouse emulation mode

Profile Management

The device supports 3 profiles (Profile 0, 1, 2).

Profile Switching Sequence

When switching profiles, the software sends:

Write Profile Data (0x26FC) - Write new profile configuration
Status Response (0x26FC) - Device acknowledges
Save Profile (0x26FD) - Commit to EEPROM
Save Confirmation (0x26FD) - Device confirms persistence

Profile Numbers:

Byte 5 of operation field: 0x00 = Profile 0, 0x01 = Profile 1, 0x02 = Profile 2

Active Profile Indication

The currently active profile is indicated in status responses:

Byte 6 of response: Active profile number
LED color changes to profile-specific color

Implementation Guide

Wireshark Filters for Analysis

# All configuration commands (exclude heartbeat):
usb.device_address == 8 && usb.data_len == 64 && !(usb.setup.wValue == 0x122a)

# Just write operations:
usb.device_address == 8 && usb.data_len == 64 && usb.setup.wValue == 0x26fc

# Just save operations:
usb.device_address == 8 && usb.data_len == 64 && usb.setup.wValue == 0x26fd

# All status polls (heartbeat):
usb.device_address == 8 && usb.setup.wValue == 0x122a

USBPcap Capture Commands

# Minimal capture (only config, no joystick data):
USBPcapCMD.exe -d \\.\USBPcap6 -o config.pcap -s 64

# Capture only control transfers:
USBPcapCMD.exe -d \\.\USBPcap6 -o config.pcap -F c

Implementation Checklist

Implement 64-byte HID report parser
Create command builder for 0x122a, 0x12C8, 0x26FC, 0x26FD
Parse button mapping data (30 buttons)
Parse joystick configuration (4 bytes)
Implement profile read/write/save operations
Add support for all key types (keyboard, mouse, gamepad, macro)
Handle modifier flags
Create profile management functions
Add analog stick mode switching
Implement LED color control

Protocol Examples

Example 1: Read Current Configuration

Host → Device: 000012c801010000000000000000000000...
Device → Host: 010012c8010101013f4f691b0700ff060606...

Example 2: Write Profile 1

Host → Device: 003a26fc020139040102000000fff40003f01a0000...
Device → Host: 000026fc010100013f4f691b0700ff060606...

Example 3: Save Profile 1

Host → Device: 003a26fd020201000000000000000000...
Device → Host: 000026fd010100013f4f691b0700ff060606...

Example 4: Switch to Profile 2

Host → Device: 003a26fc020239040102000000fff40003f01a0000...
Device → Host: 000026fc010200023f4f691b0700ff060606...
Host → Device: 003a26fd020202000000000000000000...
Device → Host: 000026fd010200023f4f691b0700ff060606...

Development Notes

USB Control Transfer Format

// Send HID report to device
int azeron_send_report(struct azeron_device *device,
                      uint8_t *report, size_t length)
{
    return libusb_interrupt_transfer(device->handle,
                                    0x06, // Endpoint OUT
                                    report,
                                    length,
                                    &transferred,
                                    1000); // Timeout
}

// Receive HID report from device
int azeron_receive_report(struct azeron_device *device,
                       uint8_t *report, size_t length)
{
    return libusb_interrupt_transfer(device->handle,
                                    0x85, // Endpoint IN
                                    report,
                                    length,
                                    &transferred,
                                    1000); // Timeout
}

Common Gaming Device Protocol Patterns

The Azeron protocol follows these standard patterns:

Request-Response: Every command gets an acknowledgment
Two-Phase Write: Write data → Verify → Commit/Save
Command IDs: Unique 2-byte identifiers for each operation
Status Polling: Regular heartbeat to detect device presence
Fixed Packet Size: 64-byte reports for simplicity

Tools for Development

USBPcap: Windows USB capture
Wireshark: Protocol analysis with custom filters
libusb: Cross-platform USB communication
hidapi: Alternative HID-specific library

Expected Challenges

Timing: Device expects responses within ~100ms
Checksums: May need to implement data validation
Atomic Operations: Write + Save must be atomic
Device State: Must track active profile and settings
Error Recovery: Handle disconnects and reconnection

Current Status

Protocol Status: ✅ Fully Reverse-Engineered
Documentation Status: ✅ Complete
Implementation Status: 🔄 Ready for Development
Next Step: Implement libazeron protocol functions

Contributing

If you discover additional protocol details:

Document the command format with examples
Provide USB capture files (PCAP format)
Include test code if available
Update this documentation
Submit pull request with changes

Safety Notes

Always test with backup configurations
Be prepared to reset device to factory defaults
Don't send malformed packets to device
Monitor device temperature during testing
Stop if device behaves unexpectedly
Keep original configuration files as backup

References

USB HID Specification: https://www.usb.org/hid
libusb Documentation: https://libusb.info
Azeron Cyborg Product Page: https://azeron.net
Wireshark USB Analysis: https://wiki.wireshark.org/USB

Reverse Engineering Process

Phase 1: USB Traffic Capture

Tools Used:

USBPcap 1.5.4.0
Wireshark 4.0.0
Azeron Windows Software v1.0.0

Capture Method:

USBPcapCMD.exe -d \\.\USBPcap6 -o capture.pcap -s 64

Analysis Filters:

usb.device_address == 8 && usb.transfer_type == 0x01 && usb.data_len == 64

Phase 2: Protocol Discovery

Key Findings:

Configuration uses Interface 4 (not Interface 0 as initially assumed)
Protocol uses HID interrupt transfers, not vendor control transfers
Fixed 64-byte packet format
Request-response pattern for all commands
Two-phase write (write → save) for persistence

Command IDs Identified:

0x122a: Get Status (heartbeat)
0x12C8: Read Configuration
0x26FC: Write Profile Data
0x26FD: Save Profile

Phase 3: Implementation Strategy

Next Steps:

Implement HID report parser in libazeron
Create command builder functions
Add button mapping support (30 buttons)
Implement joystick configuration
Add profile management
Create comprehensive test suite

Estimated Timeline: 2-3 weeks for full implementation

Phase 4: Testing and Validation

Test Plan:

Read current configuration from device
Modify single button mapping
Write new configuration
Save to device
Verify persistence after power cycle
Test all 30 buttons
Test joystick modes
Test profile switching

Validation Criteria:

All button mappings work correctly
Joystick behaves as configured
Profiles persist after power loss
No device crashes or errors
Performance: <100ms response time

Tools for Reverse Engineering

USB Capture Tools

USBPcap: Windows USB capture
Wireshark: Protocol analysis
usbmon: Linux kernel USB monitoring
libusb debug: Enable debug output

Analysis Tools

Protocol analyzers: Wireshark with USB dissectors
Hex editors: For examining binary data
Custom scripts: Python with pyusb for testing

Expected Challenges

Timing: Device expects responses within ~100ms
Checksums: May need to implement data validation
Atomic Operations: Write + Save must be atomic
Device State: Must track active profile and settings
Error Recovery: Handle disconnects and reconnection

Next Steps

Implement Core Protocol: Add HID report functions to libazeron
Button Mapping UI: Create user interface for configuring 30 buttons
Joystick Configuration: Add analog stick settings
Profile Management: Implement profile switching and persistence
Testing: Comprehensive test suite with all features
Documentation: Update user documentation

Contributing

If you discover protocol details:

Document the command format
Provide USB capture files (PCAP format)
Include test code if available
Update this documentation
Submit pull request with changes

Safety Notes

Always test with backup configurations
Be prepared to reset device to factory defaults
Don't send malformed packets to device
Monitor device temperature during testing
Stop if device behaves unexpectedly
Keep original configuration files as backup

Acknowledgments

Special thanks to the Azeron community for providing captures and testing assistance during the reverse engineering process.

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Azeron Configuration Protocol Documentation

Overview

USB Device Analysis

Device Descriptor Summary

Interface Breakdown

Configuration Protocol

Protocol Characteristics

Packet Format

Command Reference

0x122a - Get Status (Heartbeat)

0x12C8 - Read Configuration

0x26FC - Write Profile Data

0x26FD - Save Profile

Button Mapping Reference

Button Numbering

Key Type Codes

Key Code Values

Modifier Flags

Analog Joystick Configuration

Profile Management

Profile Switching Sequence

Active Profile Indication

Implementation Guide

Wireshark Filters for Analysis

USBPcap Capture Commands

Implementation Checklist

Protocol Examples

Example 1: Read Current Configuration

Example 2: Write Profile 1

Example 3: Save Profile 1

Example 4: Switch to Profile 2

Development Notes

USB Control Transfer Format

Common Gaming Device Protocol Patterns

Tools for Development

Expected Challenges

Current Status

Contributing

Safety Notes

References

Reverse Engineering Process

Phase 1: USB Traffic Capture

Phase 2: Protocol Discovery

Phase 3: Implementation Strategy

Phase 4: Testing and Validation

Tools for Reverse Engineering

USB Capture Tools

Analysis Tools

Expected Challenges

Next Steps

Contributing

Safety Notes

Acknowledgments

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